
Electricity distribution networks operate at 50 Hertz, but many of the events that determine how well those networks perform occur on timescales far shorter than a single 20-millisecond power cycle.
For decades, conventional measurements such as root mean square (RMS) voltage, current, power and energy have provided utilities with a reliable picture of network operating conditions. Those measurements remain essential.
But as New Zealand's distribution networks accommodate more solar generation, battery storage, electric-vehicle charging, variable-speed drives and other power-electronic equipment, they no longer tell the whole story.








